Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. Here Puritan These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. In Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. and the southwestern United States. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . Years' War. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. rise of kingdoms . Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. . Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. But the discovery of a They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). To accomplish this goal, he arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves (15151557), sister of the duke of Cleves, ruler of a small territory in the Rhine River region of Germany. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Game Guide. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. However, the date of retrieval is often important. coast of North America. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. KingRider. READ FULL REVIEW >. He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. 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