In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. A.I.D.E. Betrayal in the Ranks. (2012, May 18). Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families 1 ) . Stopping Americas most lethal export. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. A poem about napalm, reportedly written by members of the US First Air Cavalry, surfaced during the war. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Russia ranked second with $5.3 billion in arms deliveries, while Germany ranked third with $2.6 billion (Grimmett, 2011). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Once they were evacuated, their villages were designated free fire zones, and then often bombed indiscriminately once again, killing any villagers who managed to remain in these zones despite the evacuations. Identify two social science issues related to education. If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. A recent study found that adolescents with a deployed parent are more likely than those with civilian parents to feel depressed and suicidal. The findings suggest that social integration may help war-affected youth achieve better life outcomes after traumatic events. While the US blows money on the military, Europe spends dough on social programs. Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. Leisure studies examine issues related to leisure, including recreation, tourism, events, and sport. Gleditsch, N. P., & Theisen, O. M. (2010). Tirman (2012) acknowledges that the carpet bombing, atomic bombing, and other actions in World War II that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians may have had strategic purposes, and the morality of these actions remains hotly debated today. Women veterans face a special problem that most male veterans do not have to fear. A popular explanation comes from the field of evolutionary biology and claims that a tendency toward warfare is hardwired into our genetic heritage because it conferred certain evolutionary advantages. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Solution Verified Create an account to view solutions Recommended textbook solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 713 solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 750 solutions Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. Within that society, characterize one of the social science principles we identified in this learning block. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). Acting out wars inner wounds. Voice of America News. One veteran recalled being gang raped by her drill sergeant and four other soldiers, who then broke several bones in her body and urinated on her. It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). Four decades later, questions of deceit were again raised after the United States began the war against Iraq because of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. The high unemployment rate of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans has made this need even more urgent. (2012). The Nation. Defense outlays rose by 85 percent beyond inflation between 2000 and 2011. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. War made easy: How presidents and pundits keep spinning us to death. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). The Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in the nations capital and so many other memorials across the nation remind us of the hundreds of thousands of brave men and women who have died serving their country. That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf. As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. Some relevant global social problems include income inequality (poverty), corruption, the rise in authoritarianism (erosion of democratic values), criminality, unsustainable development, and bullying in schools. These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. Advertisement capkay1505 nvm pretend u didn't see Advertisement New York Times, p. A1. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. This latter fact needs some explanation. Key features include: A related subfield is military sociology, which focuses more explicitly on the organization and . New York Times. Speier, J. 1. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. Analysis of the FY2012 defense budget. Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. Our nations failure to meet their needs is shameful. Harrison, T. (2012). Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? By 2011, NIJ's solicitation for social science research on forensic science yielded several solid proposals, and we were able to fund five projects. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. New York, NY: Routledge. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. A fifth and related group is composed of social reconstructionists or critical pedagogues, who cast social studies in schools in a leading role in the (2012, February 8). Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1. China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. The following are common examples of a social issue. Families go through savings and older parents dip into retirement funds (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Identify two social science issues related to education. In contrast, the United States spends 5.1 percent of its economy on its base military budget, which does not include costs for veterans benefits, for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and military spending that falls outside the Pentagons budget. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). When the war began, a sort of truce developed between management and labor, as workers wanted to appear patriotic by supporting the war effort and hoped that they would win important labor rights for doing so. These theorists advocate a reflective or issues-centered curriculum and often emphasize curricular attention to social problems. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. AlterNet. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. We call them social issues when they start negatively impacting a specific group of people. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. International relations debates have become increasingly dominated by structural theories since Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. published their institutional argument in Power and Interdependence (1977). Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . The suicide rate of the general population is only 11.3 deaths per 100,000 population. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). The remaining several hundred refugees hid and were shot at for three days by US ground soldiers. Dewan, S. (2011, December 18). That is the good news and the cause for hope. New York Times, p. B4. Are we giant suckers? It represents a melding of research fields from social-network analysis to political . As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. This education, extending over a period of nearly three years, is one based upon the very first principles of society, discipline, both mental and physical, and a recognition at once both of the. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. The deaths of others: The fate of civilians in Americas wars. Washington, DC: Author. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. War has significant impacts, but perhaps most of all on civilians and veterans. The cause for despair is twofold. World War I again provides an interesting example of such changes. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html. Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). Although World War II killed an estimated 55 million people, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the twentieth century than in earlier eras. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. What it means to be a democrat. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. Episode 1, Season 1 of Social Science of War examines the implications for land warfare from the Russian invasion of Ukrainethe biggest land war in Europe since World War II. For every 100,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who receive health care from the Veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves. Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. The di. (2012, February 17). Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. Their unemployment rate was 13.1 percent in December 2011, compared to only 8.5 percent for the general public; the unemployment rate for veterans ages 2024 was near 30 percent (Dewan, 2011; Zornick, 2012). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Question. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. Identify two social science issues related to education. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. New York Times, p. A1. An unknown number of civilians were burned severely or, if they were lucky, died. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. Reflecting this decline, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier eras. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. New York, NY: Penguin. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Theme: Exploring Social Science Issues, learning block 1-1 (page 4) (2012, February 18). I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). "Surprisingly, the civilians within the conflict . New York Times, p. WK3. The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. 29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 24 Hours. ABC News. (2012). First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. Explain why war is best understood as a social phenomenon and why nations go to war. Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Tirman, J. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. Students gain a deep understanding of the ways that social scientists and historians have analyzed the identities, experiences, and worldviews of U.S. military veterans. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. I think it partly reflects a better understanding of the problems that led to war. Wells, T. (1994). However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. Wrangham, R. W. (2004). In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. Daedalus, 133(4), 2535. Time. The Nation. 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