What can be said with certainty is that horses were already established in West Africa at the time when contemporary Arabic sources from North Africa, Spain, and Sicily begin to tell us something about conditions there, from the ninth or tenth century A.C. onwards. 10 Again, a derived, complex lexical item with the formative t for three as the final constituent. A person . Although dog names among the Yorb do not reflect the circumstances of the birth of the animal, as names of people do, they too encode the messages, admonitions, advice, aspirations and desires of their human owners and/or their families. Types and forms of Yoruba incantations. My apologies if any creative is offended by the use of their work prior to express permission granting.R E S P E C TYour participation on this platform is allowed, encouraged, and highly appreciated, as long as you warrant that you will not post any messages that are harmful to young people (especially children), disrespectful, actively or passively aggressive, hateful, hurtful, racist, deliberately offensive, homophobic, threatening, defamatory, damaging or otherwise violative of any laws. The river is also most important because it holds the sign of Qiyamah, Almighty Allahs final assessment of humanity. The Euphrates Tunnel was a legendary tunnel purportedly built between 2180 and 2160 BCE under the river Euphrates to connect the two halves of the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia. The fundamental question is the following: when did each or both of the peoples know about horses? Literarily Mother Fish is held by Yoruba traditionalists as Mother of Waters, Nurturer of Water Resources. Source: Abdn (2014: 110). There is hardly any aspect of the history of the horse that its author, Robin Law, leaves untouched. Table 6 Comparative terms for equine' in West African languages. What is under the Euphrates River? Palau Mart says the following about the b lists in Table 2: Les noms de rang de naissance qui viennent dtre comments reprsentent un emprunt au Bk et au Borgou, ils existent b mais sont totalement inconnus de tout autre groupe yoroubaphone. It views the client as an active participant in the healing process, rather than simply a passive recipient of "health care." That is why, in Yorb cosmology, the centre point of orta is the liminal domain of , the custodian of , the primordial life force; , the ultimate arbiter among beings indeed, among all forces. . 24 May 2018. ), Spell Make Stop Thinking Someone Restore love spell. If the reader divines the clue to the l pam in the second example, without a peek at the footnote, we will have embraced the challenge and the discipline required to uncover why Borgu is, in the final analysis, the orta of the cultures in the sub-region of encounter between the Yorb and the Btonu, and why Borgu has played that role since times remote enough to make any myth of a Middle Eastern provenance implausible for any of the peoples who have always inhabited our space, our place on this planet even if the myth of a Middle Eastern or Semitic provenance did not run counter to what recent inquiries into the human genome suggest as the direction of out-migration of the human species from its African locus of emergence. Good wishes are often referred to as prayers/bl. Ork has a primordial status among Yorb verbal arts. Some people also use it when requesting money from a miser, tight-fisted friend or wealthy man. Such areal features suggest that there might be a great deal more to gain from a systematic inquiry into macro-linguistic units, which gives folklorists no end of delight. It is, of course, conceivable that one or both of these peoples migrated to their present locations and then subscribed to the culture and symbolic codification of the first to arrive, or, through some unknowable conspiracy, to the culture of a third group that we need to identify. . She is considered the protective energies of the feminine force. How do you get your woman back from another man? I surmise that such an interrogation would be unlikely to corroborate the hypothesis of a Middle Eastern origin that is anywhere near as recent as existing historical conjectures propose. you learn the direct answers that your soul wants you to know, liefde spreuken,Dangers of sandawana oil. It is, of course, conceivable that the identification of rkr with If is a later transfer of a reference to the tail of some other animal, with the function similarly transferred to that of the horse. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. The answer we proffer will determine the extent to which we assume responsibility for our existential reality: who we believe we are; who we accept as neighbours to whom we owe a duty of care; what fate has thrown us together; and how the resulting interpenetration has remade us before and since the Berlin Conference of 188485. Each access way or path vanishes or, better still, merges into orta in a manner similar to the estuaries of a river emptying themselves into a basin, a sea or an ocean, which may be traversed to enter into another access way. For him, a person has two parts which he describes as "the body" and "the soul". In 2010, there were 30 million speakers, according to estimates. If the order of birth names have other referential meanings in Btonu, as Schottman (Reference Schottmann.d.) How can I salvage my relationship with my mother-in-law? Of interest would be the plausible time of contact between Btonu and b, given the latter's place in the myth of Yorb expansion as the most westerly of the sons of the people's eponymous progenitor Odduw, who lived and ruled in If Ody (i.e. Despite being symbols par excellence, they unfortunately tend to codify only discrete etic meanings, and, for that reason, they travel very light. This means 'to speak and it happens'. See also Bowen's (Reference Bowen1858) dictionary. If we subscribe to the heuristic supposition that systems do not normally change by adopting less productive, less generalizable operations or rules, it would appear that the Btonu numeration system is innovatory in relation to the Yorb system. It therefore raises more than mere intellectual curiosity that the post-contactFootnote 6 storytellers of both the Yorb and the Btonu embrace myths of a Middle Eastern origin in the same way as they embrace those of all the Mandinka and kindred cultures that claim the Sundjata epic (Sisoko 1 and 2). Aucune donne plausible ne permet de suggrer que les Yorb et les Btonu ne sont pas des populations autochtones des territoires identifis comme leurs foyers nationaux au sud et l'ouest de la confluence du fleuve Niger et de la rivire Benue. How long could it have taken b to adopt this kind of blanket borrowing? Anincantation, aspell, acharm, anenchantmentor abewitchery, is amagical formulaintended to trigger, amagicaleffect on apersonor objects. It means 'Fear'. . They allow, by their formulation and by the rules that govern their use, a tightening of the links that need it most. Even obtaining an education in medicine may require becoming an initiate of one of these societies. Certain plants are meant to be exposed to the necessary incantation(s) and implementation of offerings in order to reap adequate results. In addition to these macro-units having referential meanings, each also defines the specific socio-psychological context of its usage. Search: Powerful Yoruba Incantations. In this section, I present an overview of confirmable dog names, personal names and the nomenclature of interactions arising from kinship relationships among the Btonu and the Yorb. In both we and metaphors, the remaining two entries have more mundane semantically simplex connotations. bungalow rose kali statue. Now, consider what Palau Mart has to say about gon in b: J gon, litt., manger le gon: cette expression implique l'exercise de certains droits l'encontre de l'associ gon; ces droits consistent en brimades et insultes qui peuvent driver en voies de fait, mais c'est l le cas exceptionnel , En effect, ici le gon ne s'exerce jamais entre parents de sang; c'est la relation d'alliance qui doit se trouver la base de ce mode d'association qui, par ailleurs, peut s'tablir entre groups en dehors de toute rfrence la parent. 7 The date and rate of the desiccation depends on whether one considers it abrupt and due to changes in the Earth's orbit (see American Geophysical Union 1999), or attributes it to human activities (see Hays Reference Hays2017). Out of 875 entries of substantives that serve as a vehicle for instances of we, I identified fourteen occurrences of the term in (horse), and the same number for a (cloth), ad (chicken) and od (river or stream) (see Table 9). When incantations are said, they buttress/strengthen/deepen the following wish.Of: An Introduction to Incantations: https://youtu.be/0yf4HbMWYcAThank you for watching, and for your support. Names in columns one and two, on the other hand, feature complex predicates, usually referred to as a serial verb construction (the verbs underlined); this is perhaps the distinctive syntactic feature of the languages of the sub-region of Borgu and Yorb. However, only a few of these African culture critics know that the western science also has its roots in the same principles as that of Africa. Just look for Brother Corhyn. It is an advanced form of 'Ase'. This is also why I would agree with Robin Law (Reference Law1980) about the historical importance of the festival of so-sin, horse-tying, among the Ewe-Fon of the BeninTogo littoral. I therefore do no more than raise questions to which later inquiry may offer answers. The lower left quadrant is afrkray, one who engenders happiness using the fly whisk assuming, that is, that rkr refers to a fly whisk made of a horse's tail. This is very important, as the number names for multiples of twenty in both languages show. The presupposition that the military use of the horse from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century in intra-group wars impressed the figure of the animal so indelibly on the reality of the people leaves many questions unanswered. This straddles the frontiers of Nigeria and the Republic of Benin, and the Btonu turned it into the orta for all the cultures of the sub-region bounded by the southward sweep of the River Niger from its deepest penetration into the Sahelian region.Footnote 4 This has given rise to many consequences addressed by scholars since Parakou and Nikki. Basic philosophies. Figure 1d Chief S. L. Omiad, the balf (rnt or ni de, prime minister equivalent of If). It is, therefore, important that the horse again features literally and figuratively not only in citations of the mighty and the lowly among human beings in society, but also in citations of all remarkable objects of human experience, including elements of thoughts. We have more. Linguistic usages, such as those in Table 7, would appear to confirm the relative antiquity of the bridle. Figure 1c rkr lk (paired beaded fly whisk). One may therefore suggest that the force of the horse we has more to do with the graphic nature of its presence in human relational experience than with power relations and wealth. To extrapolate from the Igbo discourse, whereas the babalwo aspires to ride a horse to material success and recognition note, not to efficacy in divining in the horse we, the discourse and not the speaker is in the saddle. Consider the data in Table 2.Footnote 14 The list presents the names of boys and girls with the same mother by order of birth. Thus, babalwo or If exponents, commonly referred to as diviners, wish for and express ultimate success by riding a horse when practising their profession: in ni n ma gn awo (the horse it is I will ride to dispense the mystery of essence and existence). "useRatesEcommerce": false Certainly, non-military visual representations of the horse require explanation in such a setting, in the absence of putative belated sixteenth- to nineteenth-century contact with the animal. If anything, the force of the dictum we lin r derives, to all intents and purposes, from the indigenous antecedents gn r and lgn r. In any event, it is not insignificant that gon or yak, complete with cognate predicates such as j, which, in Yorb, may invariably be glossed as eat, enjoy or take part in, is a sociological custom that characterizes cultures and traditions across the SaharaSahelian sub-region of West Africa, as Table 3 indicates.Footnote 17, Table 3 Parent plaisanterie: in-laws verbal jousting in West Africa. 23 For the purposes of this study, it is significant that Nzankara, Gbeya, Kasina and Ewe also have similar dog-naming customs, as is referenced by Schottman (Reference Schottman1993) in relation to cultures in the same sub-region. He goes on to say that the orthodox methodology for the treatment of diseases is based on what he called "the contrary principle,". Yorb medicine, or egbogi, is an African system of herbalism practiced primarily in West Africa and the Caribbean. The work challenges us to gather systematic data so that we may put many issues beyond the realm of mere speculation. It therefore seems that Drewal and Mason's (Reference Drewal and Mason1998) remark that [t]he whisk made from a horse's tail suggests images of military and royal might may apply to r in, the tail of a horse, and not to ba and babalwos symbol of mystic authority. It is somewhat difficult to prepare but there are some simple formulas too, however they also vary in degree of potency. The historical relationship between b and Btonu and, by implication, between the entire Yorb group and Btonu goes beyond names and naming. . 2. " Again, one suspects that conclusions from these lines of inquiry would suggest a probable time of contact that pre-dates the fourteenth-century migration hypothesis. "Every ritual is to help you connect to the ancestors like vodou, activating your ancestral memory. Whether or not Borgu experienced these differences in lexical codification should be clear from a study of larger linguistic units such as the Yorb ones in Table 6. However, according to Makinde: The treatment of a disease is the application of what such disease is forbidden to come in contact with, at whose sight must simply disappear.[4]. What is the direction of change? The formula can be spoken, sung orchanted. Sop k kr n d ay implies that Sop is by no means a novice at the game of ay. Let us have a collective look at the issue. which states that: illnesses and diseases should be treated with chemical agents that produce effects that are in opposition to those exhibited by the illnesses being treated. The list in Table 6 suggests that some equine mammals were common to these West African groups at some point in time. . The two texts below invite us to pry a little deeper for a definitive answer: Amidst the pathos and solemnity of the funeralia at the death of dignitaries, mourners and survivors carry full-length horse-tail fly whisks to enhance their ceremonial movements and gestures the darker the more desirable. The term sekuru in the Btonu language (Schottman Reference Schottman1993) has the double meaning of shame or embarrassment and modesty, respectfulness, deference or even timidity. We have no plausible evidence to suggest that the Yorb and the Btonu are not autochthonous populations of the territories identified as homelands for them south and west of the confluence of the rivers Niger and Benue. Consider the following facetious citation of palm wine, that readily accessible indigenous lubricating oil of social gatherings among the Yorb and probably throughout West Africa: If the horse is so integral to Yorb life on earth which, after all, is j, a journey, and thus makes all humans pilgrims what is its place in Yorb thinking about death and dying? The names of birth rank that have been commented upon represent a loan to Bk and Borgou; they exist in b but are totally unknown in any other Yorbphone group. For instance, the medical practitioner would be interested in the spiritual causes of the illness. The existence of the Euphrates Tunnel has not been confirmed. The existence of discourse forms such as we that reference the apparatus of the state need not detain us further here. Riddles such as the two below one that alludes to a horse and one that refers directly to a horse occur rather commonly. Her studyFootnote 21 strengthens our case for deep and sustained historical relatedness among the Btonu and the Yorb cultures and peoples and renders implausible the argument for a Kisra legend [of] a migration story shared by a number of political and ethnic groups in modern Nigeria, Benin, and Cameroon, primarily the Borgu kingdom and the people of the Benue River valley as recently as the seventh century AD.Footnote 22. Furthermore, in putting a value on If objects, beaded rkr (1,200 cowries) ranks after only gr (at 3,200 cowries) and rk, the usually ornately adorned ivory tapper used to invoke rnml at the start of a consultation. 4 This study was first presented at the Colloque Internationale Borgu 98 at the Universit Nationale du Bnin, held in Parakou and Nikki, 69 April 1999. Ils permettent, par leur formulation et par les rgles qui grent leur emploi, de reserrer les liens qui en ont le plus besoin. These ones are here showing incantation talents when their brothers in Ekiti State are busy slaying themselves. How To Get A Man To Marry You Within 1 Month, HOW TO GET FORTUNE TELLER IN SOUTH AFRICA, HOW TO GET LEGITIMATE PSYCHIC MEDIUMS IN SOUTH AFRICA, How to go back in time in Detroit Michigan, How to know if someone is using muthi on you, How to make a difficult woman fall in love, How to make a love potion for your crush that really works. According to A D Buckley, Yorb medicine has major similarities to conventional medicine in the sense that its main thrust is to kill or expel from the body tiny, invisible "germs" or insects (kkr and also worms (arn) which inhabit small bags within the body.For the Yoruba, however, these insects and worms perform useful functions in the healthy body, aiding . One cannot so easily dismiss the representation of the horse on If art objects. The "Osainista" is said to be an expert in local herbology, possessing the "know how" on herbs and plants and the correct gathering of the necessary herbs and plants for the right cause. There's always something to worry about - do you know what it is? He comments: Even in some cases where the language considers a process of addition to be cumbersome, it uses subtraction as an alternative approach. Love spells, Lucky Charms, Traditional Medicine, Gay Love Spells, Break upspells, Love Spells, Marriage Spells, Protection Spells,Money spells, Spiritual Healing, Fortune Teller. It is more likely to be the case that the treasure mentioned in the hadith of Thawbaan (may Allah be pleased with him) is the treasure that will be uncovered when the water level of the Euphrates drops, or it may be something else. Notice that Palau Mart takes care to mark the tones of the b forms but not the Btonu forms, perhaps in accordance with the conventional orthography of Btonu (see also Schottman Reference Schottmann.d.). Granted no suitors up to now have moved you, Their triumphs have enriched will you content. 5 Estimated total population in 2016 is given as 43 million, with 40 million in Nigeria and 1.7 million in Benin (
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